There is a detached type of matters which is named semiconductors. In the first time this unique class was found in the 1890's but more completely it began to be researched only after the First World War in Europe and in Soviet Union. In 1923 Russian physicists proved the ability of usage of semiconductor-metal contacts to accelerate the generation of fluctuations. But such devices as semiconductor assembly which are used today were invented significantly later. Just in the beginning of the 60's with the invention of transistors in 1949 the wide usage of crystal detectors started. The intensive studying of the characteristics of semiconductors was started at the same time.
The concern to optical characteristics of semiconductors revived due to discovery of induced emission in semiconductors. By means of such principles as p - n barriers and heterojunction scientists managed to create laser device in the beginning of the 60's.
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